Pacemakers

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Pacemakers are electronic devices that deliver controlled electrical stimuli to the heart muscle to regulate its rhythm.
Pacemaker-related complications can include infection at the surgical site, lead dislodgement, pneumothorax, embolism, malfunction or electrical issues, or interference with other devices.

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Assessment

Decreased heart rate or a heart rate below the set rate.
Symptoms of decreased cardiac output such as decreased LOC, dizziness, chest pain, diaphoresis, nausea and vomiting.
At the hospital, monitor EKG for inappropriate sensing and pacing.
Monitor for dysrhythmias

Client Teaching

Teach the client to check his pulse every day and notify the physician of any changes.
Teaching client to avoid excessive bending, stretching, heavy lifting, strenuous exercise or contact sports for about 8 weeks post pacemaker placement. Excessive activity may cause lead dislodgment.
Limiting arm activity such as preventing clients arm from reaching above the shoulder level will prevent lead dislodgement.
Teach the client to avoid shoulder-strap purses, suspenders, or firing rifles resting over the generator site.
Instruct the client to wear a Medic Alert Bracelet with information about the type and rate of the pacemaker.
Instruct the client to avoid electromagnetic fields and MRI.
Televisions, electric blankets, toasters, microwave ovens, heating pads, radios, and hair dryers are considered safe.
NOT SAFE are: devices with strong magnetic fields such as anti-theft devices at stores, metal detectors at airports, and radiation therapy.
Instruct the client to notify client if he or she experiences dizziness or palpitations.

Pacing

When the pacer paces, it creates a pacer spike. (Lots of paces here).
For atrial pacing, you will see a spike at the beginning of the P wave.
For Ventricular pacing, you will see a spike at the beginning of the QRS complex.
For AV pacing, you will see both an atrial spike and a ventricular spike.
It the spike is followed by either a P wave or a QRS (depending on whether we are pacing the atria or the ventricles) then we say that the pacemaker is “capturing.” It is doing what it is supposed to do.
If you see a spike on the EKG monitor and no P wave or QRS, then the pacemaker is not capturing. It is not creating a pulse or it is not causing the heart to contract. Dangerous!

Ventricular Pacing

AV Pacing

Sensing

Sensing means that if the pacer senses that the client has his or her own P wave or QRS complex, it will not fire. If the pacemaker fires, the client can go into dysrhythmias.

Examples

Here is a dangerous “failure to capture” malfunction of the pacemaker. Notice the paced beats at the beginning and the end. That’s when the pacemaker is working. When the pacemaker is not working, there is no QRS or ventricular contraction. No pulse. The client’s underlying rhythm might as well be asystole since a little atrial contraction (or P waves) are worthless.

This one is not as bad. At least the client has more paced beats or a more life-producing rhythm.